Flags and banners

National flags are usually rectangular, with a few exceptions (Nepal, Switzerland, and the Vatican State).

National flags of all countries. (Borrowed from allwavingflags.com)

A banner can be a flag or another piece of cloth bearing a symbol, logo, slogan or another message. A flag whose design is the same as the shield in a coat of arms is called a banner of arms.

A pennant is a flag or a banner that is longer than broad, gradually tapering to a point.

Austria

The local banner of Tyrol, a Bundesland (federal state) in western Austria, has a white and a red bar, and in the centre a coat of arms with a red eagle on a white background. This banner has been in use since the early 19th Century.

Belgium

The national flag of Belgium, which has 3 vertical bands, black, yellow, and red, was instigated in 1831. The black and yellow colours were taken from the coat of arms of the Duchy of Brabant, a state of the Holy Roman Empire, which was established in 1183 and included parts of present-day Belgium and Holland.

The pictures below show flags in the city of Brugge, in the upper picture displayed on the town hall, from left the flag of the European Union, then the national flag, 3rd the flag of Flanders, the northern Flemish-speaking part of Belgium, yellow with a black lion, and finally the local flag of Brugge, with red and white stripes and a blue lion with a yellow crown, a necklace with a small yellow cross, and red claws. Similar flags were seen in a nearby street.

Cambodia

The Cambodian national flag has three horizontal bands, two narrower in blue and a broader one in red, which has a depiction of the famous temple complex Angkor Wat. This flag was officially adopted in 1993 as the national flag.

Denmark

The national flag of Denmark, called Dannebrog, is red with a white cross that extends to the edges of the flag. It holds the world record of being the oldest continuously used national flag.

An old legend relates that this flag fell from the sky in 1219 during the Battle of Lyndanise in Estonia, when the Danish King Valdemar II (1170-1241), called Valdemar the Victorious, together with his Christian German allies, fought against pagan Estonian tribes. The crusading army camped at Lyndanise and built a castle there, named Castrum Danorum, by the Estonians called Taani-linn (‘Danish town’), later abbreviated to Tallinn.

On June 15th, the Estonians attacked the Danes near the castle, advancing from five different directions. The Danish crusaders were completely surprised by the attack and were only saved by a counterattack from their Wendish vassals. Tradition has it that when the Danes were in dire need, Dannebrog fell from the sky and gave them renewed hope.

However, two Danish Middle Age historians, Christiern Pedersen (c. 1480-1554) and Peder Olsen (died 1570), both mention, independently, that Dannebrog fell from the sky during another battle in Estonia, at Fellin, Sakala, in 1208 – a battle of much less importance than the battle at Lyndanise.

Dannebrog and common gulls (Larus canus), Hirsholmene. Other pictures from these interesting islands are shown on the pages Quotes on Nature, and Animals – Birds: Gulls, terns and skimmers. (Photo copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

Årsdale Mølle is an old Dutch type windmill on Bornholm. On the day, when this picture was taken, the mill was put into work for the benefit of tourists, and strings had been tied to the wings, decorated with tiny Danish flags. Årsdale Mølle is described in depth on the page Culture: Mills. (Photo copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

This type of Dannebrog, observed on the ferry between the town of Gudhjem, Bornholm, and the islet of Christiansø, is a postal flag, with a depiction of the Danish royal crown and a post horn in the upper inner square. It denotes that this ferry carries mail to the inhabitants of Christiansø. (Photo copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

France

Greece

The national flag of Greece has 9 horizontal stripes, 5 blue and 4 white. These stripes have no specific meaning, but a popular interpretation is that they represent the 9 letters of the word ελευθερία (‘freedom’). The white cross in the upper left corner symbolizes the official religion of the country, the Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

In this picture, the Greek flag has been painted on a rock wall in a gorge near Sougia, Crete. Maybe the person was short of paint, since the flag has only 7 stripes instead of 9. Somebody, who is less nationalistic, has written on the flag: ‘No borders, no nations’. (Photo copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

Holland

The national flag of Holland has 3 horizontal bands, red, white, and blue. It is a variant of the late 16th Century Prinsenvlag (‘Prince’s Flag’), which was orange, white, and blue.

The picture below shows flags on an old Dutch sailing ship in Enkhuizen, from left the coat of arms flag of Enkhuizen, which has 13 alternating red and yellow stripes, in the upper left corner a maiden, holding a board depicting 3 fish, 3 golden crowns, and 3 golden stars; 2nd the flag of West Friesland with two golden lions and 5 golden rectangles on a blue background; 3rd the yellow, red and blue flag of the province of North Holland; and finally again the flag of Enkhuizen.

Nepal

The Nepalese national flag is very special, as it is not rectangular like the flag of most other countries, but consists of two crimson triangles with a dark blue edge. The upper triangle contains a white crescent moon with 8 beams, whereas the lower one contains a white sun with 12 beams.

The crimson colour symbolizes bravery, and also lali guras, the red rhododendron flower that is the national flower of Nepal. The blue colour symbolizes peace. The white figures symbolize the hope that Nepal will last as long as the sun and the moon.

The present flag was instigated in 1962. Former flags were similar, but with a green edge, and faces in the sun and moon.

Sweden

The origin of the national flag of Sweden can be traced back to the mid-1500s. It is blue with a yellow cross, probably inspired by Dannebrog, the Danish flag (se above). The colours stem from the coat of arms of Sweden, which shows two golden lions, holding a shield, which is divided into 4 parts, two with golden lions on a blue and white background, and two with 3 golden crowns on a blue background.

The theme on the local banner of Öland is identical to the official heraldic coat of arms of the island, dating back to c. 1560: a blue sheet of bunting, depicting a golden stag with red antlers, tongue, and hooves, and wearing a red collar – a symbol of Öland as a royal hunting area. (Photo copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

Switzerland

Taiwan

The national flag of Taiwan, or, as the country is officially named, the Republic of China, is described as depicting ‘a blue sky, a white sun, and a wholly red earth’.

Any sane Taiwanese calls his or her country Taiwan, so why keep the old name, which was imposed on the country by Chinese invaders?

In Taiwan, the prevailing religion is a unique blend of Buddhism and Daoism, characterized by numerous gods and numerous festivals. Colourful banners are always an important issue during these festivals, as seen from the collection of pictures below.

Turkey

The national flag of Turkey is red with a white crescent and a white star. It is identical to the flag of the Ottoman Empire, which was adopted in the late 18th Century and acquired its final form in 1844.

In this picture, a bust of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, birth name Ali Rıza oğlu Mustafa (1881-1938), can just be glimpsed behind a collection of Turkish flags, stretched across a street in Istanbul. He founded the Republic of Turkey and was its first president 1923-1938. (Photo copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

Pennants, depicting the Turkish flag, alternating with the blue edition of the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality flag, Istanbul. In the background a flowering horse-chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum), and minarets of the Sultan Ahmed Camii (‘Sultan Ahmed Mosque’), better known as ‘The Blue Mosque’. (Photos copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

United States

The American flag, popularly called Stars and Stripes, has 13 horizontal stripes in red and white, representing the 13 British colonies that declared independence from England in 1776 and formed the first states in the United States. The 50 stars represent the present 50 states in the union.

During the American Revolution, the banner used by the rebels depicts a coiled rattlesnake, and a text saying Don’t Tread on Me. The American Revolution is described in depth in a novel, written by my late friend John Burke, presented unabridged on this website on the page Novel: Rose of the Revolution.

During the American Revolution, the Continental Union Flag was the flag of the United Colonies 1775-76, and the flag of the United States until 1777, when the 13 Star Flag was adopted by the Continental Congress. It was called the Continental Union Flag, because it combined the British Union flag (i.e. the kingdoms of England and Scotland) with 13 stripes, representing the 13 United Colonies.

Vietnam

The Vietnamese national flag is bright red with a large yellow star in the centre. It was created in 1955 and used during an uprising against the French rulers. The red colour symbolizes the blood that was shed during the uprising, whereas the star represents the five main classes in Vietnamese society: intellectuals, farmers, workers, business people, and soldiers.

Another Vietnamese flag, the so-called five-colour flag, consists of 5 concentric squares in red, green, yellow, and blue, and sometimes white. The order of the colours varies. The outermost square has 3 ragged edges. This flag represents the five elements (wood, metal, fire, water, and earth). It is traditionally flown during festivals and religious ceremonies.

Prayer flags

In Buddhism, prayer flags are coloured pieces of cloth, tied to strings or poles, and always arranged in this order: blue, white, red, green, and yellow. Buddhist mantras are printed on these flags, and when they flutter in the wind, the mantras are dispersed into space for the benefit of humankind.

Prayer flags are ubiquitous in areas, where the Tibetan Buddhism prevails, especially in Tibet, Ladakh, and the Himalaya.

Prayer flags at the Mayadevi Temple in Lumbini, southern Nepal, according to tradition the birthplace of the Buddha. In the upper picture, two girls are hanging up flags on a string. (Photos copyright © by Kaj Halberg)

(Uploaded October 2023)

(Latest update July 2025)

Kaj Halberg - writer & photographer

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Flags and banners